Wisdom teeth, also known as third molars, typically emerge in late adolescence or early adulthood. However, many people experience issues when these teeth become impacted, meaning they do not fully erupt due to lack of space in the jaw. If left untreated, impacted wisdom teeth can lead to severe oral health problems. In this article, we will explore the potential risks and complications associated with not removing impacted wisdom teeth and why wisdom tooth extraction is often necessary.

What Are Impacted Wisdom Teeth?

Wisdom teeth become impacted when they do not have enough space to emerge properly through the gums. This can happen due to a variety of reasons, including genetic factors, jaw structure, or the presence of other teeth blocking their path. Impacted wisdom teeth may be completely trapped under the gum or partially erupted, where only a portion of the tooth is visible.

Signs and Symptoms of Impacted Wisdom Teeth

Some people with impacted wisdom teeth may not experience symptoms, but for others, the condition can cause significant discomfort and oral health issues. Common symptoms include:

• Persistent jaw pain or tenderness
• Swollen, red, or bleeding gums
• Difficulty chewing or opening the mouth fully
• Unpleasant taste or bad breath
• Swelling around the jaw or cheeks
• Headaches or ear pain caused by pressure on surrounding nerves

Early detection and intervention are crucial to prevent complications. A dental professional can diagnose impacted wisdom teeth using X-rays and clinical examination.

Types of Impacted Wisdom Teeth

Impacted wisdom teeth can be classified into different types based on their positioning:

• Mesial impaction – The tooth is angled forward, pushing against the adjacent tooth. This is the most common type of impaction and can cause crowding, discomfort, and damage to neighbouring teeth.
• Vertical impaction – The tooth is upright but remains trapped under the gums. While this type may not always cause immediate issues, it can still lead to pain, infection, or difficulties with oral hygiene.
• Horizontal impaction – The tooth is lying sideways within the jawbone. This is one of the most severe forms of impaction as it can exert significant pressure on adjacent teeth, leading to misalignment and severe pain. Extraction is often necessary to prevent damage.
• Distal impaction – The tooth is angled backward toward the throat. Though less common, this type of impaction can make it difficult for the tooth to emerge properly and may require removal if it causes discomfort or complications.

Potential Risks of Impacted Wisdom Teeth

Each type of impaction poses risks and may require professional evaluation for wisdom tooth extraction. Some of the common complications include:

• Infections and Abscesses – Bacteria can accumulate around partially erupted wisdom teeth, leading to painful infections or abscess formation.
• Cysts and Tumours – Impacted teeth can develop cysts, which may damage the jawbone, surrounding teeth, and nerves if left untreated.
• Crowding and Misalignment – Impacted wisdom teeth can push against adjacent teeth, leading to crowding and bite issues.
• Tooth Decay – Since impacted teeth are harder to clean, they are more prone to cavities and gum disease.

Due to these risks, many dental professionals recommend wisdom tooth extraction before symptoms worsen. A proactive approach can help maintain overall oral health and prevent long-term complications.

Complications of Not Removing Impacted Wisdom Teeth

1. Pain and Discomfort

Impacted wisdom teeth can cause persistent pain, swelling, and discomfort, especially when chewing or opening the mouth. The pressure exerted by these teeth on surrounding structures can lead to headaches and jaw pain, affecting daily activities such as speaking and eating. In some cases, pain may radiate to the ears or temples, making it difficult to pinpoint the exact source of discomfort.

2. Infection and Gum Disease

An impacted tooth can create pockets in the gums, allowing bacteria to accumulate and cause infections such as pericoronitis (a painful gum infection). If untreated, this can lead to:

• Swelling and redness of the gums
• Bad breath and an unpleasant taste
• Difficulty swallowing or opening the mouth
• The spread of infection to other areas of the mouth and even the bloodstream, increasing the risk of systemic health issues
• Formation of abscesses, which may require drainage and antibiotic treatment

3. Tooth Decay

Since impacted wisdom teeth are difficult to clean, food particles and bacteria can accumulate, increasing the risk of:

• Cavities in the wisdom tooth and surrounding teeth
• Enamel erosion and sensitivity
• The need for fillings, root canal treatment, or even tooth extraction due to severe decay
• Increased plaque buildup, which can contribute to gum disease

4. Damage to Adjacent Teeth

Impacted wisdom teeth can exert pressure on neighbouring teeth, leading to:

• Misalignment or crowding, potentially undoing the effects of orthodontic treatment
• Weakening of adjacent teeth, making them more susceptible to fractures or decay
• Increased risk of infection spreading to other teeth
• Loss of surrounding bone structure due to prolonged pressure

5. Cysts and Tumours

A cyst can form around an impacted wisdom tooth, potentially leading to:

• Damage to the jawbone
• Nerve damage, which may result in numbness or tingling in the lips, tongue, or chin
• The development of non-cancerous tumours, which may require surgical removal
• Expansion of the cyst, causing structural weakening of the jawbone and requiring extensive treatment

6. Sinus Problems

Upper wisdom teeth that are impacted can exert pressure on the sinuses, causing:

• Sinus pain and congestion
• Headaches and facial pain
• Increased susceptibility to sinus infections
• Difficulty breathing through the nose due to inflammation
• Chronic sinus issues that may require medical intervention

7. Difficulty in Maintaining Oral Hygiene

Impacted wisdom teeth can make brushing and flossing more challenging, leading to:

• An overall decline in oral health and an increased risk of gum disease
• Increased plaque and tartar buildup, which can contribute to bad breath
• Difficulty in reaching the back of the mouth with a toothbrush, making proper cleaning nearly impossible
• A higher likelihood of developing cavities and periodontal disease over time

Ignoring impacted wisdom teeth can have serious consequences for both oral and overall health. Seeking professional advice and timely wisdom tooth extraction can prevent these complications and help maintain a healthy smile.

When Should You Consider Wisdom Tooth Extraction?

It’s essential to seek professional advice if you experience:

• Persistent pain or swelling
• Difficulty chewing or opening your mouth
• Bad breath and unpleasant taste
• Swollen or bleeding gums

A dentist or oral surgeon will assess the situation through X-rays and recommend wisdom tooth extraction if necessary.

Signs That Indicate Urgent Extraction

While some people may not experience immediate symptoms, certain warning signs indicate that wisdom tooth extraction should not be delayed:

• Recurring Infections: If your wisdom tooth frequently causes gum infections or abscesses, extraction is likely the best solution.
• Cyst Formation: The presence of cysts around the impacted tooth can damage the jawbone and surrounding teeth.
• Damage to Nearby Teeth: If your wisdom tooth is causing decay or weakening adjacent teeth, removal can prevent further harm.
• Severe Pain or Pressure: Ongoing discomfort, especially in the back of the mouth, can signal that the tooth is impacting the jaw structure.

Wisdom Tooth Extraction and Preventative Care

Even if your wisdom teeth are not causing immediate pain, proactive removal might still be recommended to prevent future complications. Early extraction can help:

• Reduce the risk of crowding and misalignment of other teeth
• Prevent jaw and sinus complications
• Lower the chance of decay and gum disease
• Ensure better overall oral hygiene

What to Expect During a Consultation

If you suspect that your wisdom teeth are impacted or causing problems, a dental consultation typically includes:

1. Clinical Examination: The dentist will check for visible swelling, redness, or other signs of infection.
2. X-ray Evaluation: An X-ray helps determine the position of the wisdom teeth and their impact on surrounding structures.
3. Treatment Recommendations: Based on the findings, the dentist will advise whether extraction is necessary and explain the procedure.
4. Planning the Extraction: If extraction is needed, your dentist will discuss sedation options, aftercare, and recovery expectations.

Benefits of Timely Wisdom Tooth Removal

Removing impacted wisdom teeth at the right time can:

• Prevent severe pain and complications
• Reduce the risk of infection and decay
• Protect surrounding teeth and gums
• Improve long-term oral health

If you’re experiencing any of these symptoms or concerns, scheduling a consultation with a dentist is the best way to determine whether wisdom tooth extraction is necessary. Acting early can prevent serious dental issues and improve your overall well-being.

The Wisdom Tooth Extraction Process

Pre-Extraction Assessment

Your dentist will:

• Conduct an oral examination
• Take X-rays to determine the position of the tooth
• Discuss the best treatment plan

The Extraction Procedure

Depending on the complexity of the impaction, wisdom tooth extraction may involve:

• Local or general anaesthesia
• A small incision in the gum to access the tooth
• Tooth removal in sections (if necessary)
• Stitches to close the wound

Recovery and Aftercare

Post-extraction care is crucial for proper healing. It includes:

• Applying ice packs to reduce swelling
• Avoiding hard or chewy foods for a few days
• Keeping the mouth clean with saltwater rinses
• Taking prescribed pain relief medication

Conclusion

Leaving impacted wisdom teeth untreated can lead to numerous complications, from infections to structural damage in the mouth. If you suspect you have an impacted wisdom tooth, it’s essential to seek professional advice. Wisdom tooth extraction is a common and safe procedure that can prevent long-term oral health problems and improve overall well-being.

Frequently Asked Questions 

1. How do I know if my wisdom teeth are impacted?

Common signs of impacted wisdom teeth include jaw pain, swelling, difficulty opening the mouth, and gum inflammation. A dentist can confirm the impaction with an X-ray.

2. Is wisdom tooth extraction painful?

The procedure itself is not painful as it is performed under anaesthesia. Some discomfort and swelling are expected post-extraction, but pain management techniques can help ease recovery.

3. How long does it take to recover from wisdom tooth extraction?

Most people recover within 7-10 days. However, complete healing of the gums and jawbone may take a few weeks.